What Impact does Italy Being A Patriarchal Society have On The Characters Of Romeo And Juliet Essay Example For Students

What Impact does Italy Being A Patriarchal Society have On The Characters Of Romeo And Juliet? Exposition Between 1591-1595 William Shakespeare (1564-1616) composed the well known disaster Romeo and Juliet. The play included some extremely progressed and many-sided composing styles for now is the ideal time. One of the most fascinating pieces of his play was the possibility of the impact of a man centric culture on the characters and without a doubt the story. In this paper I will attempt to show how Italy being a man centric culture, among different thoughts, has the impact it does in the play. Romeo and Juliet starts with a question between two families bringing about a battle that must be separated by the sovereign of Verona. He clarifies that on the off chance that there are additional battles, at that point they will be executed without a moment's delay If ever you upset our boulevards again, your lives will pay the relinquish of the harmony. At that point the child of the leader of the Montagues, Romeo, goes to the Capulets ball with his companion Mercutio, and his cousin, Benvolio. Here he experiences passionate feelings for the girl of the Capulets But delicate, what light through there window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. At that point after a hurricane sentiment they convince Friar Lawrence to wed them covertly. Anyway after Tybalt, Juliets cousin, incidentally murders Mercutio, Romeo executes him and is ousted from Verona by the Prince as a discipline. In the custom of a male centric culture, Capulet masterminds a marriage between County Paris and his little girl Juliet. We will compose a custom exposition on What Impact does Italy Being A Patriarchal Society have On The Characters Of Romeo And Juliet? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Her dad doesn't realize that she has just been hitched so this solitary exacerbates the situation. So she can abstain from wedding Paris and remain with Romeo, Juliet takes an elixir from the Friar that will cause her to show up dead for 24 hours. She takes the elixir. The next morning Capulet and his family lament and cover her in the family burial place while the Friar sends a letter to Romeo clarifying how the them two can escape for eternity. Be that as it may, the letter never shows up. Becoming aware of Juliets passing Romeo returns covertly and approaches her body. He drinks a toxin with the goal that he will pass on. As he lies dead Juliet awakens. Seeing her darling dead she takes his knife and executes herself as well. The end to this disaster is that seeing their kids dead unites the two families. Capulet portrays them as Poor penances of our ill will. The meaning of a Patriarchal society is the organizing of society based on nuclear families in which fathers have essential obligation regarding the government assistance of their families. This is appeared in the play at numerous focuses. Elizabethan Marriage included the little girls guardians picking her spouse for her, generally so the two families could benefit. The legitimate age for young ladies to wed was 12, young men 14. It was very typical for the couple to meet just because upon the arrival of their wedding. Typically ladies were exchanged for influence and cash through marriage. This is appeared in the play when Capulet attempts to wed Juliet off to the County Paris for status. It likewise shows Elizabethan marriage since she is just 13 years of age and in present day society individuals can possibly wed when they are 18 or 16 with assent. Likewise delineated in the play is all out control by the guys simply because the Prince has the most force and Lord Montague and Lord Capulet tail him in power. These are for the most part guys that are heads of families, which is actually what man centric social orders are about. Anyway issues are featured in the play as the two heads put their families at serious risk. Capulet decides, which cause his girl to revolt and at last kick th e bucket and Montague makes his family battle for an antiquated fight and his kin pass on. In Act 1 Scene we see that Lady Capulet is a piece of the male centric framework since she says By my tally, I was a mother much upon these years That you are presently a house cleaner. This shows Lady Capulet was just 13 when she had Juliet. Anyway the medical caretaker is a wet attendant, which implies that when Juliet was a child the medical attendant bosom took care of and cared for her. This implies Juliet would not interface very well with her mom and rather would consider the to be as a good example. It would likewise work the other route as her mom would not associate with her and couldn't care less for her much. This shows why Juliet is so solid disapproved and ready to accept the elixir as though her mom was raised in similar conditions, she was never positioned in a similar situation as Juliet and she doesnt attempt to get it. Woman Capulet acknowledges that male centric culture is a smart thought and doesn't appear to address it. She doesn't think about Juliets circumstance it until it is past the point of no return. Something else about Juliet is that she is more dynamic than Romeo, while she can focus on the results of numerous occasions, Romeo can just ever have his psyche on a certain something (for example Love of Rosaline, Marriage of Juliet and so on.) moreover Romeo doesnt get things going as much as Juliet. For instance Juliet takes an elixir to show up dead so she doesnt need to wed Paris. In any case, it is just when he thinks Juliet is dead that he takes poison, so he can be with her. So this is connected to Romeos overly fixated point of view. Juliets passing from numerous points of view, can be accused on the Patriarchal Society she lives in. This is on the grounds that she is conflicted between attempting to get what she wants and keep her dad content and not overstep Gods laws. It is hard to accomplish balance between these two as her beliefs and societys are totally unique. So due to these conditions she in the end needs to confront, and is devastated by, the male centric culture. The equivalent can be applied for Romeo. .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 , .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .postImageUrl , .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 , .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:hover , .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:visited , .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:active { border:0!important; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:active , .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue7b0ffad 53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue7b0ffad53b7e4434ed839c546ce5fd3:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: GCSE dramatization bunch on Tuesday EssayIn act 2 scene 3, Romeo inquires as to whether he would wed him and Juliet. This scene makes us see the male centric culture with regards to religion. Romeo can't converse with his genuine dad about his circumstance since his dad will be irate on the grounds that Juliet is a Capulet. So he converses with the man that is his otherworldly guide, the man he admires more and trusts. There is next to no in the play about Romeos genuine dad and for a valid justification. This is on the grounds that Romeo is certainly not an average offspring of the male centric culture so isn't near his d ad. Romeo isn't made a big deal about the quarrel with the Capulets toward the start of the play yet is discouraged about Rosaline. Romeo is nearer to the Friar as a dad figure. For instance, one line peruses Good morrow Father. Despite the fact that this is an undeniable reference to the religion, it is likewise an unpretentious reference to Romeo looking to the Friar as a dad figure. The minister additionally looks to Romeo as a child figure as he says Thats my great child: after Romeo lets him know of his experience with Juliet. On the off chance that Romeo had considered his to be father as a dad figure he would have conversed with his dad of it first. Rather he just goes directly to the Friar. It even notices he doesn't rest first, that he just goes from Juliets house to the Friars cell. Romeo likewise says Thou chidst me oft for cherishing Rosaline. Chidst fundamentally implies reprimanded me so not exclusively is the monk the dad figure through Romeos reliance on him yet additionally he is the disciplinary figure in his life. The entire of this scene the Friar and Romeo talk in rhymes demonstrating they li kewise have an uncommon connection. For instance, Friar Lawrence begins this collaboration Or on the other hand on the off chance that not really, at that point here I hit it right, Our Romeo hath not been sleeping to-night. ROMEO That last is valid; the better rest was mine. Minister LAURENCE ?God pardon sin! wast thou with Rosaline? ? ?ROMEO ?With Rosaline, my spooky dad? no; ? I have overlooked th

The supermarket industry Tesco

In a composed bit by bit approach â€Å"Scene Documentation† is one of the phases in the correct handling of a wrongdoing scene. The conclusive outcomes of an appropriately archived wrongdoing scene are the capacity of others to take the completed item to use in either recreating the scene or the chain of occasions in an occurrence and our court introduction. In archiving the scene there are really three capacities or strategies used to appropriately report the wrongdoing scene. Those strategies comprise of composed notes which will at last be utilized in building a last report, wrongdoing scene photos, and an outline or sketch. Consistency between every one of these capacities is foremost. Every technique is significant during the time spent appropriately recording the wrongdoing scene. The notes and reports ought to be done in a sequential request and ought to incorporate no suppositions, no investigation, or any ends; only the realities. The wrongdoing scene agent or proof recuperation professional should record what they see, not what they think. The last report should recount to a distinct and truthful story. A general depiction of the wrongdoing scene ought to be given similarly as the specialist sees it when she does the underlying stroll through of the scene. Every division or office has a technique which they use will for composed documentation of the wrongdoing scene. There examiner or specialist ought to follow her specializations allocated strategies for composed documentation. The significance of sharing data can never be over-looked. This article is planned to share thoughts in the zone of uniform documentation for instance of the arrangement that is utilized by my area of expertise. We utilize a story segment of the report isolated it into five classes. The classifications are the rundown, the scene including a point by point body portrayal if in a passing examination, preparing, and proof gathered, and the pending that might be gathered at another date or time. The outline would to essentially give the subtleties of how he was started into the examination. For a model: â€Å"At the solicitation of Robbery Detective H. Granier, this essayist was mentioned to react to help with preparing the area of an equipped theft including 4 obscure veiled subjects. Analyst H. Granier’s fundamental examination uncovered that the subjects alarmed the casualty as she got back from shopping†. For additional subtleties of this examination allude to Detective H. Granier. Our rundown is brief and does exclude a great deal of the said informationâ (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/inaccessible/) The agent in control ought to get the accompanying for the wrongdoing scene case document: 1. Introductory reacting official documentation. 2. Crisis clinical faculty archives. 3. Passage and leave documentation. 4. Photos and any recordings. 5. Wrongdoing scene outlines and charts. 6. Proof documentation. 7. Other responders’ documentation. 8. Record of assent structure or court order. 9. Criminal individual verification Reports, for example, scientific or specialized reports ought to be added to this document when they become accessible. This will guarantee that reports and other documentation relating to the wrongdoing scene examination are ordered into a case record by the specialist responsible for the wrongdoing scene and consider autonomous survey of the work led. In the scene segment of the story we should give a definite portrayal of the scene as it is observed when we approach the zone. The scene depiction ordinarily incorporates whatever is irregular and strange. Any climate or condition conditions are likewise included. Again this is a depiction of what we see, not what we think. The proof that ought to watch is: its area, the condition, or anything about the thing will be remembered for our scene depiction segment. This would likewise compare to any distinguishing proof markers used to number or name the things of proof. These comments would all be predictable with any numbers, letters, or marks showed in the photos, or brought into a sketch of the scene (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/inaccessible/). The handling area is for our units to depict what we did, if help was required during the preparing stages, who we had helping, and what capacities they did. The proof assortment area is to compose what proof we and others helping had the option to recuperate from the wrongdoing scene, where the things were recouped from, and what part of the lab the things wereâ directed to for investigation. Criminal History A Criminal History Summary frequently alluded to as a criminal history record or a â€Å"rap sheet† is a posting of certain data taken from unique mark entries held by the FBI regarding captures and, in certain occurrences, government business, naturalization, or military assistance. In the event that no Criminal History Summary on record, the examiner will get a reaction demonstrating that the individual has no earlier capture information on document. In the event that the individual has a criminal history Summary on record, you will get your summary†. Pending Section The pending segment would be for any known errands that would should be finished sometime in the not too distant future or time in the examination. What is gone in to the Department? 1. A composed report 2. Wrongdoing scene photos 3. Wrongdoing scene sketch Wrongdoing Scene Example Final Report: Beginning Information: Casualty Name: Episode Address: Episode Date: Episode Time: Offense Report Date: Casualty Information: Casualty Name: Casualty Address: Stature: Weight: Eye Color: Hair Color: Scars: Tattoos: Other: NCIC #: Clinical Examiner/Medical Summary: Clinical Examiner/Agency: Wounds: Reason for Death: Way of Death: Wrongdoing Scene Summary: Compose an account about the wrongdoing scene. This is a rundown of what you saw at the scene. You don't make theory or reach determinations. Proof Log Summary: Proof Number: Depiction Note: Attach Completed Evidence Collection Log as far as possible of this report. Picture Inventory: Picture Number Portrayal Ends: Make determinations dependent on the proof accumulated. Be as finished as could reasonably be expected. Note: This rundown is restricted to wrongdoing scene documentation. This ought not be viewed as an extensive rundown of the records engaged with an analytical case taking everything into account, the conclusive outcomes of an appropriately archived wrongdoing scene are the capacity of others to take the completed item to use in either reproducing the scene or the chain of occasions in an episode and our court introduction.

Speculating on Secretary Clintons Reading List

Speculating on Secretary Clintons Reading List When The Atlantic endorsed Hillary Clinton last week, only the third time in the magazine’s history that they have made an official endorsement, one of the many, many reasons they used to explain their preference for her over Trump is that, “Mr. Trump… appears not to read.” Although this criticism came last on their list, it is a serious charge that says a lot about his character. Not reading is indicative of a lack of curiosity, general lack of empathy, and a profound disinterest in knowledge. Unlike Trump, we know that Hillary is a reader. In various interviews and publications, shes talked at length about her favorite books. In the third episode of the campaigns podcast, she mentioned that, like nearly everyone else, she devoured Elena Ferrantes Neapolitan series. We also know that she listens to podcasts and TED talks, and enjoys a good mystery.  Thanks to her interview with Marley Dias, of #1000BlackGirlBooks, we know that she saw herself in Little Women and that Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is her favorite #blackgirlbook. Did you know that she even has a children’s library in the Central Arkansas Library System  named for her? We dont know what books are on Secretary Clintons bedside table, in her Audible account, or shipping to her from Amazon but, after reading these interviews, weve come up with six semi-recent books that we think might be on Secretary Clintons TBR list this autumn. Silver Sparrow by Tayari Jones. This novel might scratch the itch for more books in the vein of Ferrante. Jones’ book follows two half-sisters who come of age in Atlanta in the mid-1980s. Both girls are daughters of the same man but only his illegitimate daughter knows about the other family. Eventually, the girls meet and become friends. This sets in motion a series of events with terrible consequences. This book poses big questions about friendship, love, and the limits of family. The NEA selected  Silver Sparrow for  its Big Read program, so this could qualify as both a pleasure and a homework read for Secretary Clinton. Ms. Marvel volumes 1-5 by G. Willow Wilson  and Adrian Alphona. This comic book is a favorite of the Book Riot staff and should appeal to Secretary Clinton, too. It follows Kamala Kahn, a Muslim teenage girl living in Jersey City, NJ, who discovers that she has superpowers. The series is a wonderful exploration of identity on a bunch of levels with a fun, action-packed, and thought-provoking plot. Plus, after the abhorrent treatment of the real-life Khan family following their appearance at the Democratic National Convention, it’s gotta feel awesome to see Kamala Kahn kick butt and take names. Yes, I know that the spellings are different (Kahn v. Khan) and this is a comic book and that their son was a real-life soldier. I don’t want to down-play the seriousness and tragedy of their situation, but I do think that a Muslim superhero named Kahn is exactly who need right now. Sweet Lamb of Heaven by Lydia Millet. Long-listed for the National Book Award this year, Millet’s novel blends politics with a domestic thriller. The book follows Anna as she and her daughter flee Anna’s abusive husband, a successful businessman who is running for office. The book is about gaslighting, power, politics, families, and secrets. If it doesn’t hit too close to home, you know this has got to appeal to Mrs. Clinton. She might read it with a lot of opinions about the protagonist. I would pay good money to see a conversation between Clinton and Millet. The Fire This Time: A New Generation Speaks about Race edited by Jesmyn Ward. This is a fantastic collection of essays a poems, not a single story or history. This format encourages the reader (or at least me) to drop in and out, read things as they become especially relevant, and really sit with the insights offered. Divided into three sectionspast, present, and future the pieces is book could help shape Clinton’s thinking on race, policing, and American history long after the election season ends. We know Secretary Clinton is bonkers busy, so it makes sense for her to look for a book that lends itself to this kind of reading.   Beyond Measure: The Big Impact of Small Changes by Margaret Heffernan. I suspect that this book might appeal to Mrs. Clinton on a few levels. First, her campaign slogan “Stronger Together” seems to be an implicit rejection of what Heffernan calls “the super chicken” model of development, in which high-achievers suppress the productivity of others. The TED Talks’ publishing house, TED Books, published Beyond Measure. TED Books are designed to be “long enough to explore a powerful idea but short enough to read in a single sitting.” Given how grueling her schedule is, a short, thought provoking book might have a lot of appeal. You can listen to Heffernan’s TED Talk online here. Little Blue Truck by Alice Schertle and illustrated by Jill McElmurry: If her grandkids are like most kids, they’ve probably asked her to read Chugga Chugga Choo Choo 10,000 times. We suspect that even the most devoted grandma might need to switch things up now and then. Little Blue Truck is a cute book with a great message, fun art, onomatopoeia and animal sounds that kids will love, and even a seasonally appropriate sequel (Little Blue Truck’s Halloween, anyone?). I have it on the very reliable authority of a sweet one-year old and her parents that this book is a crowd pleaser.   Im 1,000% sure that if Secretary Clinton wanted to talk about her favorite books or fill us in on whats actually on her reading list, Jeff would be happy to revive the Reading Lives Podcast. Please consider this an open invitation from all of us at Book Riot.

The Divisional Structure in the CWS Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1440 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 3.0 Introduction An organizational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communication, rights and duties within the organization. There are basically three kinds of organizational structure basically functional structure, divisional structure and matrix structure. As the manager I will be implementing the divisional structure as the new hierarchy structure of the organization because this company is dealing with three different industry so this organizational structure will be better adapted to the Complete Web Solutions (CWS) Company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Divisional Structure in the CWS Company" essay for you Create order This business structure will be suitable to better organize the business as the divisional structure is a type of organizational configuration that divides business in parallel segments and groups together those employees who are focusing on a specific product type, market or service according to workflow. 3.1 Advantages of Divisional Structure Every division being semi-autonomous, the manager of one division can take vital operational decisions without consulting the parent company therefore decision making is quicker and more effective. Since each division carry their activities separately, it is easier to assess the profitability of each division independently. If a problem arises, it can easily be retraced to the division accountable for it and specific measures can quickly be implemented to resolve the issue. 3.2 Application of the divisional structure in the CWS Company Below figure 1.0 is the new divisional structure of the company: Key: (v) =virtual Staff 3.3 Key Industry CWS will focus There are three key industry on which the CWS Company will be focusing namely: Services Accountancy web services which will provide metering, charging, accounting, billing, payment and auditing services to customers. In fact any work that an accountant normally does in a company. Booking Services Air ticket booking services will provide air ticket of many aviation companies both national and international to different destination. Customer can make payment and complete necessary formalities online from the comfort of their house while the web based agency takes care of the rest. Destination Planning Booking services will help people planning for a holiday to find the ideal destination or trip to make. Customers will have the opportunity to choose among a wide range of hotels, villas, resorts and guest houses in different countries or even book a trip to Disney land. Once the customer makes a choice the holiday booking takes in charge all the necessary arrangement for them to enjoy their holiday 3.3.4 Staff working in Office From the staff working in different department of the organization those who will be working in the office are: 3 Senior Officer 3 Marketing Manager 3 Financial officer 3.3.5 Staff working virtually are: 3 IT technician 6 Sales/support staff 3 Web Developer 3 Publication Officer 3.4 Job description of the staff working in office Below is the description of the work of the staff working in the office: Senior officer The senior officer is the highest position in the organization. He is responsible for all operational actions, legal procedure and decisions within the organization. His core work is to create tailored strategies for the organization to grow and to manage all the different department that is marketing and sales, administration and IT department exist in the accountancy, air ticket booking and holiday booking services. Marketing manager The marketing managers are responsible to create marketing strategies that is they should devise ways to attract clients for their products and services. Their core responsibility is to study the market and identify their target or potential customers. They work in close collaboration of the senior officer and publication officer. Following are the examples:- 3.4.3 Accountancy Web Service Accountancy web service the marketing manager will have to identify the companies that are looking for web based accountancy services and then devise proposition to market the product. 3.4.4 Air Tickets Services In the air ticket services the marketing manager will have to devise a way to make best deals at cheapest rates of air fare available to customers. 3.4.5 Holiday Booking Services In the holiday booking services the manager has to search for most attractive locations to attract customers. 3.4.6 Financial officer He assists in performing all tasks necessary to attain the organizations mission and help in the implementation of staff succession and growth plans. They also assist the senior officer and marketing manager in spotting new funding opportunities, the planning of programmatic budgets, and determining cost effectiveness of prospective service. Moreover they manage all purchasing activity and payroll for staff and participants. Their core responsibility is to monitor banking activities of the organization i.e. he is a money dealer or handler. 3.5 Job description of the virtual staff Below is the description of the work the staff working virtually: 3.5.1 IT administrator The IT technician is responsible for administering the IT infrastructure and catering to software or hardware, security and networking problems that the IT infrastructure may encounter in the organization. They also do computer systems maintenance. With latest technology as there is also a virtual department the IT administrator will need a centralized management system that is it is a web-based application that allows the administrator to monitor, administer and report on the systems within the IT infrastructure of the company. If there is an error somewhere whether hardware or software the system will identify exactly where the problem is if hardware the administrator will know where to go and if there is any amendment to make in the hardware of the company the administrator does not need to perform it on every computer of the company he will just have to do it in the centralized system and it will updated in all the computer in the network. Sales and support staff They are responsible for achieving the target set by the marketing manager that is they manage the correspondence between the marketing manager and the client. They are responsible for sales promotion by doing telesales and keeping track of sales target. In this organization they will also have to do the work of a secretary that is answering calls and scheduling diaries and performing administrative tasks. They also have to provide sales data and reports to the marketing manager. Web developer A web developer will be the one who will design and maintain the three websites. He also control the online activity on three site. Like for example: Accountancy Web Services In the accountancy service web he will be the one doing the accountancy related jobs that the site is proposing to the customer. Air Ticket Booking Services In the air ticket booking services he will be the one who will be taking care of the necessary procedures to be done for the clients who are booking their air ticket via the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s website. Holiday Booking Services In the holiday booking services he will be the one who will have to contact the location and make necessary arrangement once the customer has chosen the holiday destination. Publication officer He works for the publishing and publication of the organization and design the brochure of the company. In fact his core responsibility will be to promote the website by doing publicity by creating brochures, business cards or advertising on billboards. For example: Accountancy Web Services In the accountancy web services he will be the one who will be printing business cards and brochures containing the accountancy services offered for businesses. Air Ticket Booking In the air ticket booking services he will be the one who will create and print brochures when there will be great deals available. Holiday Booking Services In the holiday booking services he will be the one printing brochures with the attractive locations the company is proposing. 3.6 Conclusion After going through the different jobs that will be performed by the staff in the new structure I can be concluded that: The senior officer, marketing manager and financial manager are most suitable to work in the office as the senior officer and marketing manager will have to work in close collaboration to market the product and ensure that the company goals are met. As for the financial manager, he will be responsible to control the resources of the company while ensuring that company goals are met. So basically it is important that these three masterminds work in the office. With the advent of seamless technology where the world is most connected than ever the virtual employee model is being more practiced across the globe so in this context the virtual employees will be the web developer, IT infrastructure, Publication officer and sales and support staff. For these listed staff there will be appropriate IT structure like Skype, cloud computing, team viewer or any tailor made software will be set at home for them to be able to do their respective work from their respective home itself while being present in the company.

The Role Of Indian Government Goals Achieved Till Date And...

Rural Development: An Overview of The Role of Indian Government, Goals Achieved Till Date and Goals That Are Yet to Achieve. Recently, rural advancement has expected worldwide consideration particularly among the developing countries. It has incredible essentialness for a nation like India where dominant part of the populace, around 65 per cent of the individuals, lives in rural or provincial areas. According to the Census of India 2001, out of 1,025 million population, about 77 per cent of the labour force lives in rural areas . Out of the total workforce about 58.5 per cent are engaged in agriculture alone. In such a situation, unless the rural economy is made vibrant in terms of employment, issues of poverty and human development would remain unaddressed. The present procedure of rural advancement in India primarily concentrates on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities, infrastructure facilities and foundation offices through creative projects of pay and independent work. Rural Development in India is a standout amongst the most imperative variables for the d evelopment of the Indian economy. India is fundamentally an agribusiness based nation. Agriculture contributes nearly one-fifth of the gross domestic product in India . In order to increase the growth of agriculture, the Government has planned several programs pertaining to Rural Development in India. So as to build the development of farming, infrastructural amenities,Show MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Escorts Agri Machinery1300 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Introduction: To achieve goals, understanding of organizational competencies is very crucial for strategy formation. Competency provide differentiated advantage over competitors. 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Why Michael Jackson is the greatest musical artist Free Essays

Do you know of a person who has won more awards than any other person in the music industry? What about a person who has inspired other performers to see the world from a different perspective? Or a man who is also ‘there’ for those in need of shelter, food, and water? Only one man in this world, who has distinguished himself through these great accomplishments, is the answer to these questions, and he is Michael Jackson. Indeed, he is perhaps the greatest musical artist of all time because of his success as an artist, whose list of achievements is endless; because of how his music changed the way people look at the world, and also because of how his kind-hearted, caring personality affected others. Firstly, Michael Jackson is the greatest musical artist of all time because of his success. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Michael Jackson is the greatest musical artist or any similar topic only for you Order Now He has released 13 different singles that have reached No. on the charts – definitely more than any other male artist in our history! In addition, he has been officially set as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time for selling an approximate 750 million records worldwide. Also, he has 13 Grammy awards together with several Guinness World Records. His â€Å"Thriller† album is known as the Biggest Selling Album of All Time while his other records such as â€Å"Off the Wall†, â€Å"Bad†, and â€Å"Dangerous† are the top-sellers as well. So with these, Michael Jackson indeed is the greatest musical artist of all time for being very successful. Secondly, Michael Jackson’s kind-hearted personality also makes him the greatest musical artist. He is a humanitarian who has helped over 40 charities and foundations that include the American Cancer Society, AIDS Project Los Angeles, Make-A-Wish Foundation, End Hunger Network, Childhelp USA, and Great Ormond Street Hospital. In addition, he has spent at least 350 million dollars in funding these purposes. His charitable activities are countless and their effects are enduring. For example, when he established the Heal the World Foundation, it donated 6 tons of supplies as well as supporting treatment for drug and alcohol abuse in Sarajevo. Generally, the fact that Michael Jackson ‘healed the world’ really makes him the greatest musical artist. Lastly, the way Michael Jackson’s music changed the way people look at the world makes him the greatest musical artist of all time. His songs such has â€Å"Man in the Mirror†, â€Å"Black or White†, â€Å"Heal the World†, and â€Å"We are the World† have sent out messages to people to promote positive causes and impacts; whether it is about racism, war, or unity. In addition, his musical style paved way for many artists to develop their skills or invent new styles of music. Moreover, he also influenced many dancers through his music videos such as â€Å"Thriller†, â€Å"Billie Jean†, â€Å"Smooth Criminal†, and more. Hence, his label as the greatest musical artist can be truly defined through his influence in the way people look at the world. Unlike many artists, this man has made major impacts to people of all races around the world. Even 2 years after his death, people still mourn over him because of how important he is to our lives. Whether is it because of his success as an artist, because of a man with a kind-hearted personality, or because of how a man’s music has changed people’s point of views, Michael Jackson is truly the greatest musical artist of all time. How to cite Why Michael Jackson is the greatest musical artist, Papers

Jewish Emancipation and Reform Judaism free essay sample

A discussion of Reform Judaisms perspective on the Jewish state. This paper discusses the development of Reform Judaisms position on the concept of a Jewish homeland. The role of the Diaspora, Jewish Emancipation and the Enlightenment in Europe is examined. These terms are defined and the concepts explored. The Jewish Emancipation was an effort to integrate Jews dispersed in ancient times from Israel to other nations during the Diaspora into the countries where they now lived, countries that were growing more afraid of having a large Jewish contingent with different political loyalties. Reform Judaism developed out of the same liberalization of policies and practice. At the time, this shift meant the abandonment of nationalistic ideas, but later, Reform Judaism as well would embrace the creation of a Jewish state and be dedicated to preserving that state. The story of the Diaspora is a key element in the history of the Jewish people and in the focus of their aspirations and purposes in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Jewish Emancipation and Reform Judaism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The word Diaspora is derived from the Greek for a scattering or to scatter about. The word has come to signify the body of Jews today living not in Israel but scattered outside the boundaries of Israel.

Do you agree with the view that Britains involvement in the Crimean War was a total waste of time and life Essays

Do you agree with the view that Britains involvement in the Crimean War was a total waste of time and life Essays Do you agree with the view that Britains involvement in the Crimean War was a total waste of time and life Essay Do you agree with the view that Britains involvement in the Crimean War was a total waste of time and life Essay Britains involvement in the Crimean War arose from the belief that British interests in India were directly threatened by the Russias army advance through Afghanistan and that their route to India would be threatened by the prospect of Russian control over the eastern Mediterranean, particularly the area around the Black Sea. Therefore, it can be argued that Britains involvement in the Crimean War was a worthwhile success, as the Peace of Paris stated that the Black Sea was to be neutralised. However, there are outcomes of the war that suggest the war was a total waste of time and life, such as the many deaths caused by poor health care.Source A supports this, as it argues through gangrene, fever, cholera, dysentery, rhmatism, the British army was reduced to 11,000 effectives with 23,000 sick. I can infer that this means the Crimean war was a waste of life, as not only did soldiers therefore die, but many were unable to fight, as they were ill. Furthermore, it could be argued that the war was a waste of time, because while men should have fought, as there were few battle casualities, they were in hospitals. However, Source A was written by a Lieutenant, which means he didnt have personal experience of being a soldier in the war and could also mean he was biased, as he may not have wanted to criticise other men in high positions in the army.For example, when he admits to the problems of food, he explains that there were many supplies that couldnt reach the soldiers due to no labourers, no tools to repair the track, instead of blaming aristocracy imcompetence. Also the exact date is unknown, so we cant be sure if this was a problem at the start of the war or towards the end. On the other hand, he is being honest when he explains the problems, which I know from my own knowledge. Also he has written it to go home and as it is going to be read by his family, he is unlikely to be biased.However, Source B suggests that Britains involvement in t he war was essential, as it explains that the war was due to the desire of seeing Europe saved from the arrogant and dangerous Russia. As Russia had been defeated at the end of the war, it can be argued that the war was worthwhile, especially as England had achieved what they wanted to at the start of the war through the Peace of Paris. However, Source B is biased, as it was written by Queen Victoria to the King of Belgium and therefore would potray Russia as being barbarous, while claiming England is unselfish. However, it is quite useful, as it is a primary source and has the exact date written, so therefore we know it was written at the end of the war. Also it demonstrates that Britains involvement was useful, as it mentions the peace negotiations, which demonstrate that the war wasnt a total waste of time and life. Source C also explains that there was a purpose for the war. The Crimean War did involve British interests. It also states that Russia threatens British trade routes. However, the Source then explains that despite the win, it did not go well.This is due to the consequences of the years of neglect suffered by the British army since 1915. From my own knowledge, I know that the British army suffered due to the incompotence of the aristocracy with supplies, such as Lord Raglan who had ordered only a small number of medical assistants (around four per hundred men), as he believed the space on ships should be given to troops. Also this was made worse by the captain of one of the two originally designated hospital ships off- loading all the medical supplies on board to make room for more troops. Therefore, I can infer that Britians involvement was a waste of time and life, because many soldiers lost their lives due to lack of medical provisions. Source C then explains that the Charge of the Light Brigade resulted from a woefully misinterpreted order. As the light brigade were sent up the wrong valley against the wrong guns, this is true as it was due t o confusion between the commanders.This source explains that it was richly ironic, that this wrong order was one of the most celebrated actions of the war. Due to the bravery of the light brigade, they advanced to the Russians, although 409 died. The source continues at the end to say that it was a total waste of time and life. However, this is a secondary source, so may be less useful, as it isnt a personal account at the time. Simultaneously though, as it was written by a historian, it is likely he would have collected information from a range of useful primary sources to write Source C. As it is from the book The Making of Modern Britain he will have written it for a purpose to entertain and may have tried to give a different opinion from most historians to sell more books. However, he is less likely to be biased as a historian.Although Source C agrees with the view that Britains involvement in the Crimean war was a total waste of time and life, it does include Tennysons poem abo ut the light brigade Theirs not to reason why, which conveys the idea of military inefficiency, as the commanders gave the soldiers the wrong path, but bravery from the light brigade. However, Tennyson had written the poem due to Williams Russells earlier report on the charge of the light brigade written in the Times.This changed public opinion, as it showed that many British soldiers died as a result. Russells reports showed contrasting ideas to the jingoistic heroic idea of conflict. This undermined the government and destroyed the reputation of the army commander in chief, Lord Raglan. This led to the Cardwell army reforms 1870-71, which improved military effeciency such as: various military departments being combined under one roof, the country dividing into local regimental districts with single battalion regiments being merged into two battalion regiments (one battalion would serve overseas while one at home for training,) the length of overseas service was reduced from 12 to 6 years, the purchase of commissions was abolished, the commander in chief was to answer to the Secretary for War and therefore Parliament, flogging of ordinary soldiers in peacetime was forbidden and soldiers could choose to spend time in the reserves rather than regular service.The abolishing of purchasing commissions was particularly useful, as it allowed more qualified men to have a high position, as it was replaced by a system of promotion through merit. Also civil service reform resulted, as in 1870 entry into the civil service came from undertaking examinations rather than traditional methods of patronage. This improved the efficiency and intelligance of he upper ranks. Despite this though, even by 1873, the Foreign office was excempt from this new method and the majority of high positions were held by Oxford and Cambridge graduates. Also the new army reserves were inadequate, as they were only a force of 35,000 compared to Prussias million.In conclusion, it can be argued tha t the view that Britains involvement in the Crimean War was a total waste of time, because it reduced the British army through death. This was mainly due to poor hygeine in hospitals, as only 1,761 of 18,058 were killed in battle rather than wounds or disease. For example, the main form of treatment was the amputation of shattered limbs, which carried a 25% chance of death from shock or infection. Lack of washing facilities caused lice infestation and increased the risk of typhus and typhoid. Also the lack of sanitation led to dysentery and cholera. Also as mid June 1854 the Russian forces were in retreat and by mid July they were safely back over the River Pruth, the war could have ended then, as Russia was no longer a threat to the Turkish Empire. However, the allied governments had convinced themselves that the Russian naval base of Sebastopol had to be taken.Therefore, the war does seem a total waste of time and life, because capturing Sebastopol was not a British aim at the sta rt of the war. However, sanitation and clean water problems reflected the state of hospitals in Britain. Also whether it arose from Florence Nightingale or not, sanitation did improve. Also the Crimean War caused the Nightingale fund which created the Nightingale Training school for nurses at St Thomas Hospital in London in 1860.This improved the standard of female nursing and caused more middle class women to see nursing as a respectable job. Also due to Russells war reporting, the Crimean War caused the British public to view soldiers as brave rather than as dangerous or as very low class. The Victoria Cross was a medal that awarded bravery and was made available to all ranks, showing that the war did cause better respect for ordinary soldiers. Furthermore, despite public outrage that Sebastopol was given back to the Russians, this hadnt been the reason for War. Therefore, as Britain had stopped Russia being a threat to them and due to the health and military reforms, Britains inv olvement in the Crimean War wasnt a total waste of time and life.

Funny Friendship Day List of Quotes

Funny Friendship Day List of Quotes What is friendship without good-natured humor? You may have seen friends, who poke fun at each other, crossing all limits of decency. Does abrasive humor offend friends? Is there a shifting line of modesty between friends? How do you know when to pull the brakes when it comes to ribald humor? To an outsider, a crude joke between friends may seem offensive. You may wonder how friends can allow such indiscretion. What about self-esteem and dignity, you ask. However, you need to look deep into the core of friendship. When friendship is based on mutual trust, respect, and honesty, decorum and decency are merely superficial covers. True friends understand this at a subconscious level and dont feel threatened or insulted by their friends humor. The bond of friendship has enough resilience to absorb such shocks- some would argue that it grows stronger from it. Childhood Friends May Be the Closest Interestingly, it has been observed that childhood friendships are often more resilient than friendships formed later on in life. Children bare secrets to their closest friends, making pacts of secrecy to be honored till death. Also, children share an honest and open relationship with friends. Even years after friends grow into adults, childhood friends feel secure in each others company. So dont be surprised if you feel more at ease with your childhood friend, than you feel with your office colleagues. Sharing funny quips with friends who have a similar sense of humor doubles the potency of a joke. The sight of your friend rolling with laughter, after you shared a funny joke, makes you feel immensely satisfied. And if your friend is blessed with ready wit, he or she can add to the humor. Start Friendship Day With Humor Equip yourself with funny quotes, jokes, and anecdotes. Send out funny Friendship Day wishes and messages and spread the laughter. Give your friends a reason to smile with funny Friendship Day quotes. In the evening, catch up with a bunch of friends, and guffaw over a beer and barbecue. Hand out personalized Friendship Day gifts with Friendship Day quotes handwritten on them. Friendship Day Quotes Ralph Waldo Emerson A friend may well be reckoned the masterpiece of nature. Lord Samuel A friend in need is a friend to be avoided. Groucho Marx Outside of a dog, a book is mans best friend. Inside of a dog, its too dark to read. Erma Bombeck, Family: The Ties that Bind...And Gag! Friends are annuals that need seasonal nurturing to bear blossoms. Family is a perennial that comes up year after year, enduring the droughts of absence and neglect. Theres a place in the garden for both of them. Oscar Wilde A true friend stabs you in the front. Jim Hayes An old friend will help you move. A good friend will help you move a dead body. Ralph Waldo Emerson It is one of the blessings of old friends that you can afford to be stupid with them. Christian Slater I just killed my best friend... and my worst enemy. Whats the difference? Malcolm Bradbury Ive noticed your hostility towards him... I ought to have guessed you were friends. Bronwyn Polson Whoever says Friendship is easy has obviously never had a true friend! Groucho Marx When youre in jail, a good friend will be trying to bail you out. A best friend will be in the cell next to you saying, Damn, that was fun. Groucho Marx No one is completely unhappy at the failure of his best friend. Jerry Seinfeld, in The Bizarro Jerry Why would anybody want a friend? Jerry Seinfeld It reminds me of like this pathetic friend that everybody had when they were a little kid who would let you borrow any of his stuff if you would just be his friend. Thats what the library is. A government-funded pathetic friend. Erma Bombeck A friend never defends a husband who gets his wife an electric skillet for her birthday. Anne Lindbergh Men kick friendship around like a football and it doesnt seem to crack. Women treat it like glass and it falls to pieces. George Carlin One good reason to only maintain a small circle of friends is that three out of four murders are committed by people who know the victim. Bing Crosby There is nothing in the world I wouldnt do for (Bob) Hope, and there is nothing he wouldnt do for me ... We spend our lives doing nothing for each other.

Critically Evaluate Project Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critically Evaluate Project Plan - Essay Example The main difference between leadership and management is how they motivate people as managers motivate their subordinates through communicating while leaders persuade their followers to remain committed to the shared vision (Northouse 2010). The managers react to changes in the built environment while leaders create change. Accordingly, managers exercise their control and power while leaders develop power within their people (Alizor 2011). The managers will try to maintain status quo through organizing and directing project tasks while leaders set new directions and perspectives that challenge the existing status quo in housing projects (Lussier and Achua 2010). Autocratic leadership style involves making decisions without consulting the subordinates and project managers often use this leadership style in emergency situations. Autocratic leadership may lead to team hostility and high dependence on the leader thus it is ineffective in the delegation of tasks (Burke and Barron 2014). Harrell (2008) outlines that the approach requires close supervision, but it is appropriate in making faster decisions. Transactional leadership style will involve the use of formal job descriptions, authority and formal job output expectations to implement a dwelling project. The approach to leadership leads to less job satisfaction. Laissez-faire leadership style is a hands-off approach to leadership whereby the leader provides the required resources and tools for the successful completion of the dwelling project (Lussier and Achua 2010). The subordinates are free to make their own decisions and it is effective when the subordinates are highly experienced and mo tivated. The approach is not ideal where the team members have not prior experience in executing successful dwelling projects.

Territorial Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Territorial Expansion - Essay Example The independent state of Texas had planned its fate from a long time that it would be annexed with the US, despite Mexican’s continual threads to stop this political thinking by the use of force. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. In 1937, an early time in the US history, White House made attempts to annex Taxis within the US domain. As soon as this news gained some momentum, rationalist groups started to protest against it. Down with strong frustrated resistance to adding slave states as a part of the United States. In a matter of time the socialist and political thinking went in the favor of Texas as soon as James Polk won the elections of 1844 in Texas. And finally, on Dec 29, 1845 Texas was annexed as a part of US territory. The growing conflicts between the US and Mexico led to a war between the two. There was no way for Mexico win over the US, and it lost wretchedly. Once the US occupied Texas, they opened it for the US civilians. What were t he short-term consequences of the acquisition of this particular territory? The immediate consequence of annexation of Texas was that as soon as Texas gained the authority of a state, Mexico cancelled all the diplomatic relationships with the US. The United States always claimed that the border of Texas was stretched all the way from Rio de Genera’ do, quoting the 1836 Treaties of Velasco. ... The primary battles of the combat were fought in Texas in which US was victorious. After these crucial victories, the United States marched into Mexican territory, finishing the clash in Texas. After the annexation, Stephen Austin took control and under his commands the Texas community flourished. He insisted the American immigrants to abide the law. In a short time of a decade, Texas population increased by 1500 inhabitants. Some of the immigrants were traitors, with a variety of legal complexity. It was not astonishing that the Mexican administration ultimately came to believe the Texans’, as they were named at the time, â€Å"a crowd of infamous crooks,† even though the majority was well-mannered natives. Texas was incredibly of a safe haven for the US citizens who had motive to leave house. One of the initially hard tasks for the Texans’ was that they lacked resources. But still they were always willing to fight with Mexico. Following a few concise combats, M exican ruler Santa Anna individually led a militia of several thousand fine skilled troops into Texas to put down the revolution. The Texas armed forces, which never figured further than 800, had slight experience in war. Therefore, they experienced an intimidating task. The analysis at that time of some 300 Texans’ employees, set as capitalists, executives, laborers, and wide-ranging service workers, disclose that the consequential work strength included, Americans, Europeans, and Indians. This combination went unsuccessful to even out this isolated area, which was deficient in formal, communal, political, and financial association. Texas rustlers caused anarchy. Deprived supervision ended in overstocking, and lack of care commenced critical diseases. But these

Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper

The Yellow Wallpaper: Setting, Symbolism and Oppression of Women Have you ever been locked in a dark closet? You grope about trying to feel the doorknob, straining to see a thin beam of light coming from underneath the door. As the darkness consumes you, you feel as if you will suffocate. There is a sensation of helplessness and hopelessness. Loneliness, caused by oppression, is like the same darkness that overtakes its victim. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in "The Yellow Wallpaper," recounts the story of a young mother who travels to a summer home to "rest" from her nervous condition. Her bedroom is an old nursery covered with ugly, yellow wallpaper. The more time she spends alone, the more she becomes obsessed with the wallpaper's patterns. She begins to imagine a woman behind bars in the paper. Finally, she loses her sanity and believes that she is the woman in the wallpaper, trying to escape. In "The Yellow Wallpaper," Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses setting and symbolism to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness (in women) that can lead to a deadly form of insanity. Gilman uses setting to suggest that imprisoning oppression causes a type of loneliness that can lead to insanity. Gilman's young mother describes the nursery bedroom "with windows that ... [are] barred for little children" (426). In the above passage, the barred windows seem to intensify her oppression, and her perception that she is being imprisoned. Gilman also uses the young woman's description of the summer home to express her feeling of being all alone. "It is quite alone, standing well back from the road, quite three miles from the village. It makes me think of Eng... ...chniques that Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses in "The Yellow Wallpaper" to suggest that a type of loneliness (in women) caused by imprisoning oppression can lead to the deadliest form of insanity. By using setting, Gilman shows how the barred windows intensifies the young woman's imprisoning oppression, the isolated summer home represents the loneliness the young woman feels, and her hallucinations of the wallpaper pattern indicates her transition to insanity. Wallpaper symbolism is used throughout the story the pattern representing the strangling nature of the imprisoning oppression, the fading yellow color showing the fading away of the young woman, and the hovering smell representing the deadly insanity to which she succumbs. Like the darkness that quickly consumes, the imprisoning loneliness of oppression swallows its victim down into the abyss of insanity.

The Important Role of the Auditor

Auditors play an important role in the ensuring the integrity and reliability of the financial statement for public companies. Recently (in the United Sates especially) the independence and objectivity of auditors has been a major concern, and has been brought to the forefront. A new rule was then proposed to deal with these concerns. This eventually led to the adoption of new requirements that must be followed by auditors in the United States. Many user groups had economic consequences at stake and lobbied the Securities and Exchange and Commission (SEC) to what they believed would be the best solution. This was mostly performed through submitting comments to the SEC and through participating in the public hearings held by the SEC to allow discussion on the proposed rule. This report will briefly describe independence as it relates to accounting profession, identify and describe the new requirements presented by the SEC and then describe the events and circumstances that led to the new requirements being proposed. It will also describe and assess the validity of the concerns that were stated at the various public hearings by the affected user groups. First a simple but important definition of independence and how it relates to the accounting profession will be presented. â€Å"Independence is generally understood to refer to a mental state of objectivity and lack of bias.† An auditor must perform the audit without allowing external factors to alter or effect his or her decisions. Douglas Carmichael goes on to relate independence to an auditor directly by stating â€Å"the auditor must be without bias with respect to the client since otherwise he [or she] would lack that impartiality necessary for the dependability of his [or her] findings, however excellent his [or her] technical proficiency may be.† This definition looks easy to interpret but it becomes hard to determine when an auditor is acting independently. Often, an auditor does not even realize when their own actions have been influenced by other factors. Objectivity is a state of mind and is more often than not is hard to prove. Of critical importance is the notion of independence in fact and independence in appearance. Ultimately auditors can be independent in fact but if a reasonable investor observes all relevant facts and circumstances and concludes auditors as not being independent then the whole profession suffers. An extreme consequence that could result is if investors and other financial statement users looked elsewhere for information when they are looking to invest. This would make financial reporting useless and would ultimately lead to its demise. This demonstrates the importance of auditors remaining independent of managers and reiterates the point that investors must be able to trust and rely on the financial statements. These issues directly relate to the two goals that the independence function seeks to achieve. The first goal is supply high quality audits without letting any external factors sway an auditor's judgment (objectivity). The second goal is to achieve a high level of investor confidence in the audited financial statements. The difficulty in measuring the first objective has led to more concentration and focus on the second objective. It is this decreased investor confidence that has driven the new rule requirements, because there has not been a great amount of evidence that proves there is lower quality audits being performed. Commission's Auditor Independence Requirements The release of this new rule establishes four principles to evaluate when assessing if an auditor is independent. â€Å"An auditor will not be independent when (1) has a mutual or conflicting interest with the audit client(2) audits his or her own work (3) functions as management or an employee of the audit client, or (4) acts as an advocate for the audit client.† These four principles are to be used when trying to determine if the actions of an auditor will impair the independence of an auditor and were the basis for forming the new independence requirements. They are rooted in the belief that an auditor must be independent in fact and appearance. The new rule considerably alters the number of people related to the auditor that can invest in the auditor's clients because this would violate the independence requirements released by the SEC. It also limits the number of non- auditing services that can be provided by auditors to their audit clients, but at the same time puts no restrictions on the non- auditing services that can be provided to non-audit clients. The new requirements also call for proxy disclosure in the financial statements of a company. These proxy disclosures state information on certain non-audit services performed by the auditors in the last fiscal year. â€Å"The new auditor independence rule will revise the rules for auditor independence in primarily three areas: (1) investments by auditors or their family members in audit clients; (2) employment relationships between auditors or their family members and audit clients; and (3) the scope of services provided by the audit firms to their audit clients.† ! Investments by Auditors and Family Members in Audit Clients The new rule restricts an auditor or a family member from investing in a firm's audit client. It also restricts an auditor's partner from investing in the client only if the auditor can directly influence the audit work. This new rule is left open for interpretation since if an auditor does not work on the audit he is not restricted as long as he is considered not to be influencing the audit in any way. The subjectivity is in the determining of who can or who does influence an audit. The new rule defines the auditor, family members and certain partners as â€Å"covered persons†. The new rule establishes certain situations that would find an auditor not to be independent if any covered persons participated in these situations. The rule specifically outlines that an auditor is not independent if a covered person has a direct investment in an audit client or affiliate, has a direct investment of more than five percent in an audit client, has an indirect investment in an audit client of more than five percent, and if they own more than five percent of an entity of which the audit client owns an interest. There are certain other financial relationships with an audit client that can restrict an auditor from being independent. These relationships include having loans to or from an audit client, certain savings, checking, brokerage accounts and holding certain individual insurance policies. The rule also put restrictions on certain audit clients investing in audit firms. Under the new rules an audit firm must be cautious of whom they hire and whom the client's firm hires in order to remain independent. The new rule outlines specific instances in which the auditor would be declared as not being independent. â€Å"An accountant will not be independent if a close family member of a covered person is employed by an audit client in an accounting or financial reporting role, if a partner is employed by an audit client in an accounting or financial reporting role, and if a former employee of an audit client becomes a partner of a the accounting firm.† Scope of Services Provided by the Audit Firms to Their Audit Clients This is the area of the new rule that caused the most controversy when it was first introduced. The new rule greatly reduces the number of non-audit services that an auditor can perform for audit clients. The new rule identifies certain non-audit services that cannot be provided without damaging an auditor's independence. These non-audit services are consistent with the four principles that the rule was based on. I will now highlight the certain services that an auditor cannot perform to an audit client and how these services relate to four principles that measure an auditor's independence. Services related to the audit client's accounting records or financial statements such as bookkeeping cannot be performed to an audit client. This service is restricted because it undermines the basic principle that auditors cannot audit their own work. Other non-audit services that are restricted because an auditor would end up auditing their own work are appraisal or valuation services, and actuarial services. An example of an appraisal service is when auditors are asked by their clients to value assets during the year, and then at the end of the fiscal year they are asked to perform the audit. This results in the auditors auditing their own work using their own underlying assumptions, which would directly result in bias. The same problem arises with actuarial services. When an auditor makes estimates for policy reserves and related accounts it affects the amounts that are reported on the balance sheet and will again result in auditors auditing their own work. The problem of an accountant having a mutual or conflicting interest with the audit client results in the restriction of non-audit services such as internal audit outsourcing, human resource services, broker or investment services, and financial information systems design and implementation. Internal audit outsourcing can cause managers and auditors to become a team when creating an internal control system and therefore they will both be responsible for its failure or success. If an auditor supplies a human resource service such as hiring they create a mutuality of interest because they have to accept some responsibility for ensuring the success of the employee. Supplying broker or investment services creates an interest for the auditor in increasing the value of the securities. Helping design information systems creates a mutual interest between the client and the auditor based on the success of the information system. Management functions performed by the auditor for their audit client are also restricted in the new rule. This allows the auditors to perform a management function for their clients and will inherently decrease objectivity in the audit and increases bias in the audit since the auditors are part of the firm that they are auditing. The last non-audit service that is restricted to audit clients is expert services. These include legal, administrative, or regulatory filing procedure advice. These are restricted because they give the appearance that when auditors provide these services to audit clients they are acting as an advocate for the audit client. Decisions to restrict these services were decided on using the four main principles presented earlier that evaluate an auditor's independence. The creation of these principles was due to increasing concern that auditors were not remaining totally independent when performing the audit. Circumstances Leading to the Concern for an Auditor's Independence There are a number of events in the accounting profession that led to the need for rules to obtain independent auditors. Accountants are in a profession that is seeing dramatic changes in the way firms are structured, the services they are providing, as well as increased competition. These events are creating situations that may seriously hinder the independence of auditors by giving them opportunities to act in the interests of their clients. There has been increased competition for auditing business among accounting firms. This tough competition has led to competitive pricing which in turn has led to decreased profits on audits. This tough competition has also led to auditors relying on audit clients for business more and could possibly lead to auditors acting in the best interests of management to keep their audit work instead of in the best interest of the public. Decreased profit margins are forcing accounting firms to cut costs, and some believe that the quality of audits are decreasing because of accountants are using less resources on their audits. There has also been an increasing array of services being performed by every accounting firm. Since auditing profits are decreasing many firms are looking to more profitable consulting services to help increase profits. â€Å"This has been a true metamorphosis for accounting firms, and particularly for the big firms, which some estimate now get 30 to 40% of their revenues from consulting and under 40% from accounting and auditing. Some of these firms have come to offer virtual one-stop shopping for all a client's business consulting needs.† This has caused concerns that the audit function is becoming a loss leader and is being used to pursue additional business opportunities. This causes beliefs that the quality of the audit is being harmed and that investors are seeing a lower level of confidence in this new relationship. Richard Walker, a director of the SEC's enforcement division, stated these beliefs are based not just on speculation, but on what we're seeing in our invest igations and other contacts with the profession. Walker went on to give researched examples of when an auditor has been persuaded by clients to act in the interest of the clients firm. One example he showed was a situation where the auditor was pressured to falsely improve the financial performance of the clients firm in order to receive additional consulting contracts. This should cause great concern because it is a great restraint placed on auditors to remain independent. There has also been increased pressure on managers to meet earnings expectations, and many professionals say this pressure has intensified, especially for certain types of firms. If firms miss their earnings expectations even by a slim margin the result is an immediate decrease in stock prices. This puts increased pressure on managers to do anything they can to artificially increase earnings. This puts increased pressure on the auditors to help management meet these expected earnings. The new emerging structure of accounting firms is also causing independence concerns. Over the last decade accounting firms have become bigger in size due to increased mergers, and there has also been an increase in the number of national and multi-national firms emerging. Many firms have prided themselves on being â€Å"one stop† shops for their clients. This gives the accounting firms control over many aspects and decisions of their clients firms. The problem with this is achieving independent decisions when trying to perform the audit. This causes all the problems discussed in the four principles of evaluating the independence of an auditor. There have been many circumstances emerging that have been causing independence concerns, and hopefully the new rules will be able to prevent these potential problems. However there were many people that strongly opposed many aspects of the new rule. This report will now discuss some of the concerns against the implementation of the rule as well as some strong opinions for implementing the rule immediately. Concerns Addressed at The Public Hearings Public hearings were held in New York City for all concerned parties to voice their opinions on the proposed new independence rules. Different parties that were represented were Chartered Public Accountants (CPA's), professors, officers of major non-accountant companies, and regulators. Not all their comments will be examined, only their main concerns will be highlighted and evaluated. The first comment that will be examined is from Michael Daggett, who is a director at large of the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy and a CPA. Daggett expressed the common concern that independence is critical in appearance and fact in order to retain the integrity of the accounting profession. However he had two main problems with the rule. His first recommendation was that the SEC should take a more cautious view and try not to overreact to the situation at hand. He goes on to explain that often regulatory agencies are too quick to regulate in the time of crisis and controversy. He believes that the SEC has become too focused on trying to change the â€Å"nuts and bolts† of the auditor's behavior, and has thus not been able to appropriately deal with the expansion and changing times of the profession. The SEC was faced with a potential crisis and even Daggett alluded to that idea in his testimony. The main crisis is maintaining quality audits, and to achieve this there must be independence on the auditor's part. While the SEC is trying to control an auditor's behavior in certain circumstances it is at the same time trying to deal with the changing profession and the expansion of services that are emerging. The SEC is not rushing to regulate because they see a potential crisis emerging and are simply dealing with it in advance. This is crucial and is a better solution than waiting for a number of huge audit failures to occur, and then trying to deal with it appropriately. Daggett's second problem was with the restriction put on auditors to perform human resource services of an audit client. He stated, â€Å"It's important to remember that auditor's already have an interest in its clients success. He suggests that such services would create relatively little risk and an unyielding prohibition would seem to be excessive.† Employee performance is not likely to impair an auditor's mindset and would not result in any bias. If an auditor helps choose human resource policies such as recruiting Evaluate this comment further Another CPA, Kalman Barson, gave comment on the proposed rule. He is a strong opponent to the new rule and he made sure his feelings were heard. He believes that the new rules are contrary to the best interests of the accounting profession, is counterproductive to the best interests of audit clients, and would not accomplish the goal of the reason for this rule being proposed. He believes that the new rule should be totally withdrawn because it will result in the opposite of what the SEC is trying to accomplish. He backs up his case by saying that there has not been one instance of impairment in audit quality as a result of an accounting firm also providing a consulting and auditing role simultaneously. He believes that the SEC is trying to fix something that is not broken. There are a couple of points that need to be addressed in his statements. The first is that audit quality is about more than just avoiding major audit failures or fraud cases. It must be addressed at a lower level before it becomes a major problem. This is the level that the SEC is trying to address presently. An audit failure is often a combination of several factors not just an independence issue. Trying to address the separate issues that can cause an audit failure is the first step. â€Å"To demand, as a predicate for commission action, evidence that each loss of independence produces an audit failure is a bit like demanding proof that every violation of a fire safety code results in a catastrophic fire.† Also there has been at least one instance where a firm has broken independence issues. â€Å"Price-Waterhouse Coopers was censured for improper professional conduct and violating auditor independence rules early this year (2000).† One other point that must be addressed is that with all the concerns of auditor independence that were raised while the economy is doing relatively well, what will happen when an economic hardships exist? Imagine the concerns and the pressure on auditors that will be raised when the majority of firms fall short of their earnings. This pressure could be huge and unbearable; this is why it must be dealt with now. The second major point that Barson addressed is that consulting for an audit client helps produce a higher quality audit. Understanding the clients operations and procedures more thoroughly helps the auditor to obtain a better understanding of the company and therefore the auditor is able to perform a better service for the client. This he argues is in the best interests of the client and society as a whole. He argues that inefficiencies would result by splitting up the consulting and auditing functions between firms, and would end up costing the client more in the long run. Inefficiencies would result because one firm would perform the audit and the other firm would have to perform all the consulting. This would result in the splitting of knowledge of the firm and would result in lower quality audits. The SEC does not believe that the quality of the audit will be lost and officers of Ernst and Young also carry this view. They believe that this argument is flawed in many areas. The first flaw is the inherent assumption that all knowledge obtained from non-audit services is relevant to an audit. It also assumes that the auditor receives all information received from non-audit services. Often a consulting division is reluctant to transfer information over to the auditors. Other times the consulting professionals will have little or no interaction with auditors especially in large firms. Ernst and Young recently sold their consulting business and therefore separated their auditing practice from the consulting area. Ernst and Young officials were stated as saying that as the result of the sale they see no reason why the quality of the audit would suffer in any way. They believe that the skills necessary to carry out an audit are inherently different than the skills you need to carry out consulting services. The SEC also made the point that only 25% of accounting firms audited by the big five firms also receives advisory services. This proves that 75% of the audits performed now are of considerably high quality. If it is not possible to perform audits without consulting for the firm at the same time we would have seen a huge amount of low quality audits or perhaps audit failures. A more neutral view will now be presented from the academic side of the debate. Douglas Carmichael is a professor at Baruch College and is a strong advocate for the new rule and his comments are based on research over the past thirty years. His first comment backs up the four principles that are used by the SEC to measure auditor independence. He believes that the basic principles are comprehensive and appropriate. The principle of conflicting and mutual interest is essential because without it the auditor could be too easily persuaded by clients to act in the client's interest and therefore would reduce the reliability of the financial statements. His research has also showed that there has been evidence that consulting has resulted in impaired independence. His conclusions were based on thorough investigation of the actual underlying evidence. He also argues that the quality of the audit is not improved by consulting services. † He found that in many cases of auditor malpractice, the auditors have not made use of the knowledge of consultants providing services to the clients.† His last point is that the proposed restrictions are practical and they appropriately relate to the basic four principles. He believes the new rules appropriately relate to those principles, which is key since most of the professionals can relatively agree on the principles. Since there is agreement on the principles the controversy is mostly based on the restrictions, and Carmichael believes that these restrictions already adequately relate to the principles and need to be implemented immediately. A Canadian perspective will be presented next, from the point of view of the Chair of the Ontario Securities Commission (OSC). He underlines the importance of the auditor being independent in fact and appearance. He also mainly agrees with the new rules and their restrictions on non-audit services to audit clients. His main concern relating to auditor independence in Canada is the growing concern that the audit is becoming a loss leader to achieve more profitable consulting revenues. He believes that it would be natural for shareholders and other investors to perceive the auditor as losing confidence in the quality of the audit. He also expresses his concern that firms are placing more importance on the consulting side of the business compared to the audit side. He believes that this will cause firms to make strategic decisions based on this concern and will cause employees to strive towards being consultants because the firm places more value on the consulting side. While this could result in more talented professionals leaning towards the consulting side, especially if salaries are higher there are many other concerns that affect the recruitment of professionals. Other concerns that could affect recruiting are the attractiveness of the work to the individual, as well as the number of graduates to choose from. Brown had concerns that were related to the implementation of the new rules as a whole. He expressed concern that the regulation of the new rule cannot be sufficient by itself. The audit committee will have to play an important role in the process. It is key that the audit committee identifies independence violations, because they are on the front line and are closest to the action. The SEC is only one organization and will need a critical amount of help in finding violators. He also recommends that the SEC becomes an active participant in recommending or implementing similar rules in other countries. He stresses this importance because the United States constantly interacts with all other countries and the new rules will significantly affect interactions. This is important, but it will they will have to convince the SEC to spend time on this task. It would be much easier for the SEC to recommend other countries to adopt the same requirements as the U.S. Brown goes onto illustrate this point by showing that in Canada we are looking at the SEC's proposal closely and extensively and † will formulate our regulatory response partly on your experience.† The concerns of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) will now be addressed. They totally agree with the four basic principles that were outlined by the SEC. The IIA also generally agrees with the underlying objectives of the SEC in releasing these requirements (improving quality and improving investor confidence). Their main concerns have to do with the technical aspects of the rules. Their main concern is that the SEC has restricted services in the wrong manner. They believe that â€Å"not all non-audit services need to be restricted unless their fees are sufficient enough to trigger independence concerns and as long as there are no management or operating considerations that hinder independence.† They also believe the Independence Standards Board in the U.S. should be responsible for determining and updating the list of services that would impair independence. The objective list allows for easier regulation by allowing for the subjectivity to be removed. The certain restricted services were chosen because they related back to the four basic principles. This ensures that the SEC remains consistent by following a dependable framework for making decisions regarding auditor independence. One last comment to look at is from CPA, Norman Manley. He submitted comments on behalf of all forty employees of Dellinger & Deese, PLLC. They are totally opposed against the new ruling and voiced many of the same concerns that were seen from other CPA's. Their concerns can be summarized by their opening comment, â€Å"We firmly believe the proposal is unwarranted and not supported by facts, or requested by the financial and business community we both serve. Non-audit services offered by audit firms simply have not compromised auditor independence or audit failure. Focus will be on their additional concerns that were voiced at the public hearings. One concern they voiced was that the broad restriction on the non-audit services will place too much reliance on audit fees for accounting firms and this will not serve the public interest. The public interest is always an important consideration to keep in mind, but in this instance the public interest will still be served by providing high quality audits backed with investor confidence. There will still be plenty of opportunities to perform audits and the new rulings will not decrease the number of firms that require audits. They are also concerned with the quality of talent that will be recruited and retained by accounting firms. They believe that accounting professionals will have 25-40% of their market blocked by the restrictions. They further believe that this will cause professionals to choose a career where their market is wide open. They also had some economic issues that they were concerned about. The first being the inability for accounting firms to combine and obtain the economic benefits of mergers and joint ventures. Their ability to merge will be due to concerns about violating independence requirements. A firm could merge with another firm and would then become an affiliate of the accounting firm. They also believe that the SEC has interfered with the work of the Independence Standards Board (ISB) in the USA. The believed the SEC originally assigned the issue to the ISB and then jumped in and regulated prematurely. However, the SEC worked more in conjunction with the ISB by taking their research and many of their recommendations. They also agreed more with recent disclosure and audit committee requirements that were adopted by the ISB, SEC, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), and the American Stock Exchange (ASE). They believe that these requirements would have of solved the independence problem if given time to mature and work. To conclude their concerns with the new rule one more point will be issued. They know and thoroughly understand the problems associated with a lack of independence, and they stated that they always put independence rules at the top of their priorities. They do not see a problem with non-audit services impairing this independence because auditors have the ability to remain independent using their own professional judgment. This report will conclude by drawing on comments given by chairman of the SEC, Arthur Levitt. He believes â€Å"in this environment of conflicting interests, the investing public relies on the accountant to stay true to his or her fiduciary duty, to never lose sight of the precious franchise that is theirs to guard so vigilantly.† He is aware that the perceived value of the audit is being put at risk and for this and other reasons he is strongly committed to keeping the public's interest first, and will not let new circumstances interfere with his task. He also realizes that the SEC cannot do it alone and is willing to work with the profession to continuously improve the situation. He is dedicated to continuous improvement of financial statements to better serve investors, the market, and the public. He stresses that he will leave the communication lines open between the SEC and CPA's in order to retain a strong respect and teamwork between the two parties. The majority of opposition seems to be coming from a main source. The CPA's seem to be the only interest group that is opposed, and this strengthens the validity of the new rulings. If there was strong opposition stemming from other interest groups it would be easier to challenge the new ruling. The point to remember is that being an accounting professional entails looking out for the best interests of the public, and this is what the new requirements are striving to achieve. The new requirements will not be able o achieve this alone, but they are an important aspect in the battle for independence. The main concern from the opposition of the rule has to deal with the scope of services that are restricted. Limiting non-audit services to audit clients still leaves plenty of opportunity open to perform audits and still makes it attainable to perform high quality audits while at the same time retaining investor confidence. We must remember, â€Å"It's not enough that audit quality is maintained and that the numbers are right. It's also necessary that public investors-the users of financial reports-perceive that the numbers are right.†